Tanzania’s strides in promoting gender equality, particularly in education and women’s empowerment, are commendable. The data presented during the recent International Women’s Day conference paints a picture of significant progress: girls are outperforming boys in primary, secondary, and even tertiary education, and women are increasingly taking on leadership roles in various sectors. However, beneath this veneer of success lies a troubling reality, one that demands critical reflection. While we celebrate the rise of women and girls, we must also confront the unintended consequences of this progress, particularly the marginalization of boys and men, and the systemic challenges that continue to hinder true gender equality.
There is no denying the achievements. According to the 2022 Basic Education Statistics (BEST) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), girls are not only enrolling in school at higher rates but are also outperforming boys academically. In primary education, 89% of girls complete their studies compared to 85% of boys. At the secondary level, 72% of girls graduate compared to 68% of boys. Even in higher education, women are closing the gender gap, with 48% of university enrollments being female. These figures are a testament to the success of initiatives like free primary education, STEM programs for girls, and efforts to reduce gender-based barriers in education.
Moreover, women are breaking into traditionally male-dominated fields. Over 40% of women enrolled in technical institutions are pursuing careers in engineering, construction, and electrical work. Politically, socially, and culturally, women are increasingly visible as leaders, entrepreneurs, and innovators. This progress is a direct result of decades of advocacy, policy reforms, and targeted investments in women’s empowerment.
Unintended Consequences
While the rise of women and girls is a cause for celebration, it has come at a cost, one that is often overlooked. Boys and young men are increasingly being left behind. Data from BEST, NBS, and other sources reveal a troubling trend: boys are more likely to drop out of school at every level of education. In primary school, 12% of boys drop out compared to 10% of girls. At the secondary level, 15% of boys leave school compared to 12% of girls. Even in higher education, men are more likely to abandon their studies before completion.
The reasons for this are multifaceted. Economic pressures often force boys into labor to support their families, while a lack of financial resources makes it difficult for them to afford school fees and materials. Additionally, the education system itself may be failing boys. Studies suggest that the predominance of female teachers, who may unconsciously favor girls, contributes to boys’ disengagement. Furthermore, societal expectations and the absence of positive male role models leave many boys adrift, struggling to find their place in a rapidly changing world.
The marginalization of boys and men has far-reaching consequences. As boys drop out of school, they are more likely to engage in low-paying, informal labor, perpetuating cycles of poverty. The lack of education and economic opportunities also makes them vulnerable to social ills such as crime, substance abuse, and mental health issues. The rise in single motherhood, 25% of Tanzanian households are headed by single mothers, further exacerbates the problem. Many of these women are left to shoulder the burden of raising children alone, often without financial or emotional support from their fathers.
Moreover, the increasing empowerment of women is reshaping societal norms around marriage and family. Women with higher education and economic independence are less likely to marry early or remain in unhappy marriages. While this is a positive development for gender equality, it has also led to a rise in divorce rates and single-parent households. In urban areas like Dar es Salaam, the divorce rate is as high as 20%, driven by economic challenges, infidelity, and gender-based violence.
Another critical issue is the impact of technology on young men. The proliferation of digital platforms has created new challenges, particularly for boys. Pornography and gaming have become pervasive, with 75% of porn consumers being men, many of whom are young and vulnerable. These platforms are not only addictive but also distort perceptions of relationships, self-worth, and responsibility. Boys who spend hours consuming such content are more likely to underperform academically, struggle with mental health issues, and fail to develop the skills needed for meaningful relationships and careers.
Progress to both boys and girls?
The progress we have made in empowering women and girls is undeniable, but it cannot come at the expense of boys and men. True gender equality requires a balanced approach that addresses the needs of all genders. We must address the systemic issues that are causing boys to drop out of school. This includes providing financial support, creating mentorship programs, and training teachers to recognize and address the unique challenges boys face. Boys need positive male role models who can guide them toward responsible and fulfilling lives. Mentorship programs and life skills education can help boys develop the resilience and emotional intelligence needed to navigate modern challenges.
While we continue to invest in women’s economic empowerment, we must also create opportunities for men. Vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and job creation initiatives can help men become productive and engaged members of society. We must regulate harmful online content and provide education on responsible technology use. Boys need guidance on how to navigate the digital world in a way that enhances, rather than hinders, their personal and professional development.
Policies that promote shared responsibility in parenting and support for single mothers are essential. Legal reforms can ensure that fathers contribute financially and emotionally to their children’s upbringing.
Tanzania’s Vision 2050 envisions a nation built on the talents and contributions of all its people, women and men alike. While we celebrate the progress we have made in empowering women and girls, we must also confront the challenges facing boys and men. True gender equality is not a zero-sum game; it is about creating a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
As we move forward, let us not lose sight of the bigger picture. Let us strive for a future where the success of one gender does not come at the expense of another. Only then can we build a nation that is truly inclusive, equitable, and sustainable.
Annastazia Rugaba is the Director for Advocacy and Engagement at Twaweza East Africa. She can be reached at arugaba@twaweza.org or on +25568722197 as well as on X as @annarugaba. These are the writer’s own opinions and do not necessarily reflect the viewpoints of The Chanzo. Do you want to publish in this space? Contact our editors at editor@thechanzo.com for further inquiries.
